Finlandês/Substantivos
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[editar] Noun forms
The Finnish language does not distinguish gender in nouns or even in personal pronouns: 'hän' = 'he' or 'she' depending on the referent. This causes some unaccustomed Finnish speakers to muddle "he" and "she" when speaking languages such as English or Swedish, which can be a source of confusion.
[editar] Cases
Predefinição:Main Finnish has fifteen noun cases: four grammatical cases, six locative cases, two essive cases (three in some Eastern dialects) and three marginal cases. Notice that the word in a given locative case modifies the verb, not a noun.
| Finnish cases | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Suffix | English prep. | Sample | Translation |
| Grammatical | ||||
| nominatiivi (nominative) | - | talo | house | |
| genetiivi (genitive) | -n | of | talon | of (a) house |
| akkusatiivi (accusative) | - or -n | - | talo or talon | house |
| partitiivi (partitive) | -(t)a | - | taloa | house (as an object) |
| Locative (internal) | ||||
| inessiivi (inessive) | -ssa | in | talossa | in (a) house |
| elatiivi (elative) | -sta | from (inside) | talosta | from (a) house |
| illatiivi (illative) | -an, -en, etc. | into | taloon | into (a) house |
| Locative (external) | ||||
| adessiivi (adessive) | -lla | at, on | talolla | at (a) house |
| ablatiivi (ablative) | -lta | from | talolta | from (a) house |
| allatiivi (allative) | -lle | to | talolle | to (a) house |
| Essive | ||||
| essiivi (essive) | -na | as | talona | as a house |
| (eksessiivi; dialectal) (exessive) | -nta | from being | talonta | from being a house |
| translatiivi (translative) | -ksi | to (role of) | taloksi | to a house |
| Marginal | ||||
| instruktiivi (instructive) | -n | with (the aid of) | taloin | with the houses |
| abessiivi (abessive) | -tta | without | talotta | without (a) house |
| komitatiivi (comitative) | -ne- | together (with) | taloineni | with my house(s) |
[editar] Plurals
There are three different 'plurals' in Finnish:
[editar] Nominative plural
The nominative plural is the definite, divisible, telic plural. The suffix is -t; it can only appear in final position.
| Nominative plural | |
|---|---|
| Finnish | English |
| "koirat olivat huoneessa" | "the dogs were in the room" |
| "huoneet olivat suuria" | "the rooms were large" |
[editar] Following numerals
Predefinição:More After numerals greater than one in the nominative singular, the noun is put in the partitive singular. Otherwise the noun agrees with the numeral in number and case.
| Following numerals | |
|---|---|
| Finnish | English |
| "huoneessa oli kaksi koiraa" | "there were two dogs in the room" |
| "talossa oli kolme huonetta" | "the house had three rooms" |
| "ostin tietokoneen tuhannella eurolla" | "I bought a computer for a thousand euros" |
[editar] Inflected plural
This uses the stem of the partitive plural inflected with the same set of endings as for singular nouns. The suffix is -i-, and it suppresses long vowels; it may only appear before another suffix.
| Inflected plural | |
|---|---|
| Finnish | English |
| 'huone' -> 'huoneita' | '(some) rooms' |
| -> 'huoneissa' | 'in rooms' |
As a combined example of plurals
| Inflected plural | |
|---|---|
| Finnish | English |
| 'lintu on puussa' | 'the bird is in the tree' |
| -> 'linnut ovat puissa' | 'the birds are in the trees' |
[editar] Inflection of pronouns
The personal pronouns are inflected in the same way as nouns, and can be found in most of the same cases as nouns. For example:
| Inflection of pronouns | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Finnish | Case | Example | English |
| 'minä' | nominative | 'I' | |
| 'minun' | genitive | ('my, mine') | |
| 'tämä talo on minun ' | 'this house is mine ' | ||
| 'tämä on minun taloni ' | 'this is my house' | ||
| 'minut' | accusative | 'hän tuntee minut' | '[s]he knows me' |
| 'minua' | partitive | 'hän rakastaa minua' | '[s]he loves me' |
| 'minussa' | inessive | 'tämä herättää minussa vihaa' | 'this provokes (lit. awakens) anger in me' |
| 'minusta' | elative | 'hän puhui minusta' | '[s]he was talking about/ of me'. Also used idiomatically to mean 'in my opinion'. |
| 'minuun' | illative | 'hän uskoi minuun' | '[s]he believed in me' |
| 'minulla' | adessive | 'minulla on rahaa' | 'I've got some money' |
| 'minulta' | ablative | 'hän otti minulta rahaa' | '[s]he took some money from/off me'. |
| 'minulle' | allative | 'anna minulle rahaa' | 'give me some money' |
| 'sinuna' | essive | 'If I were you' (lit. 'as you') | |
| 'minuksi' | translative | 'häntä luullaan usein minuksi' | '[s]he is often mistaken for me' |
[editar] Noun/adjective stem types
[editar] Vowel stems
Predefinição:Sectstub Vowel stems are generally invariable. However, the ending vowel can change.
| English | singular | sg. gen. | sg. part. | plural | pl. gen. | pl. part. | notes |
| a fish | kala | kalan | kalaa | kalat | kalojen | kaloja | Mutation a → o before i or j. |
| a country | maa | maan | maata | maat | maiden | maita | A long vowel is shortened before the oblique plural -i-. |
| a road | tie | tien | tietä | tiet | teiden | teitä | Historically *tee, later diphthongized, but the original vowel survives in other forms. |
An exception is the word ending -i, which is elided under agglutination to produce the stem, e.g. nimi ~ nim-. In singular, an epenthetic -e- is inserted, e.g. nime-. In plural, the plural marker -i- is added, followed by the aforementioned -e-, e.g. nimie-. This is used e.g. in this manner: nimi "name", nimen "of the name", nimien "of the names".
Failure to elide the -i changes meanings. For example, the genitive case will be mistaken for the instructive case, e.g. nimen "of the name" → nimin "using names". Another good example is the accidental production of a plural, e.g. nimiä "(at the) names", as contrasted to the nimeä "at the name".
Recent loanwords are an exception to this elision, but the plural is unchanged. (Often the -i is added to nativize a word as Finnish nouns generally don't end in consonants). For example, the singular stem of taksi is taksi-, but the plural stem is taksie-. The usage is as such: taksin "of the taxi", taksien "of the taxies". Likewise, applying the elision rule to the recent loans produces unintended meanings.
[editar] Consonant stems
Predefinição:Sectstub In general, Finnish does not borrow new consonant stems, but employs paragoge. However, older consonant stems are retained, in all forms if the consonant is alveolar (n, r, l, or s), e.g. tanner "solid ground". Former -m-stems have merged with the n-stems in the nominative but not in the other cases, e.g. ydin "core", ytimet "cores". -h and -k stems have been abbreviated, but they still behave like consonant stems. In some dialects, the -h stems have shifted to -s instead, e.g. standard vene, in Pohjanmaa venes ← veneh. By analogy, in standard Finnish all words ending in 'e' behave as former -h stems. The illative case also changes form with a consonant stem, where the ending -hen is assibilated to -seen, as -hen is the genitive.
[editar] Nouns ending in -s
Vocalization or lenition is found in addition to any possible consonant gradation, e.g. kuningas (nominative) ~ kuninkaan (genitive), or mies ~ miehen. The illatives are marked thus: kuninkaaseen, mieheen.
[editar] -nen nouns
This is a very large class of words which includes common nouns (for example 'nainen' = 'woman'), many names, and many common adjectives. Adding -nen to a noun is a very productive mechanism for making adjectives ('muovi' = 'plastic' -> 'muovinen' = 'made of plastic'). It can also function as a diminutive ending.
The form behaves like it ended in -s, with the exception of the nominative, where it is -nen. Thus, the stem for these words removes the '-nen' and adds '-s(e)' after which the inflectional ending is added:
| Finnish | English |
|---|---|
| 'muovisessa pussissa' | 'in the plastic bag' |
| 'kaksi muovista lelua' | 'two plastic toys' |
| 'muoviseen laatikkoon' | 'into the plastic box' |
Here are a few of the diminutive forms that are still in use:
| Finnish | From word | English |
|---|---|---|
| 'kätönen' | käsi | 'a small hand' (affectionate) |
| 'lintunen' | lintu | 'birdie', 'a small bird' |
| 'veikkonen' | veikka | 'my friend' (used in some sayings, like the English form) |
| 'kirjanen' | kirja | 'booklet' |
| 'kukkanen' | kukka | 'little flower' |
| 'kalanen' | kala | 'little fish' |
The diminutive form mostly lives in surnames which are usually very old words to which most Finns have forgotten the meaning. Some of the most common:
| Finnish | From word | English |
|---|---|---|
| 'Rautiainen' | rautio | blacksmith (of a blacksmith's family) |
| 'Korhonen' | korho | 'deaf' (of a deaf man's family) |
| 'Leinonen' | leino | 'sorrowful, melancholic'; alternatively male name Leino as short for Leonard |
| 'Virtanen', 'Jokinen', 'Järvinen', 'Nieminen'... | virta, joki, järvi, niemi | 'the family from by the stream (virta), river (joki), lake (järvi), peninsula (niemi)' |
| 'Mikkonen' | [A family name assimilated from the name of the farmhouse, after the householder's name 'Mikko'] | |
| 'Martikainen' | possible origin Martikka, a South Karelian surname, identical to Russian surname Martika | |
| 'Lyytikäinen' | from 'Lyytikkä', originating to Germanic male name 'Lydecke' |
Occasionally such nouns become placenames. For example, there is a peninsula called "Neuvosenniemi" in one lake. "Neuvonen" means "a bit of advice/direction"; at this peninsula people rowing tar barrels across the lake would stop to ask whether the weather conditions would make it unsafe to continue to the other side.
[editar] -e nouns
This set of nouns are a historic class which formerly had a consonant on the end, which has in present times been reduced to a glottal stop in most dialects. The dictionary form represents weak gradation, and each word has two stems, a weak grade stem in which the final glottal stop assimilates (used for the partitive singular), and strong grade vowel stem to which most case suffixes are applied. The vowel stem has an additional -e-: perhe 'family' -> perhee-: perheessä, perheellä, etc.; which represents the historical loss of a medial consonant which is sometimes found in dialects as an -h- (ex. ruostet 'rust' -> ruostehena).
The weak grade stem, which is found in the 'dictionary' form results from another historic change in which a final consonant has changed to a glottal stop. This is important to word inflection, because the partitive ending is suffixed directly onto this stem, resulting in the glottal stop assimilating to a -t-. Otherwise, other case endings are suffixed on to the strong grade/vowel stem.
| -e nouns | |
|---|---|
| huone 'room' | laite 'device' |
| kaksi huonetta 'two rooms' |
kaksi laitetta 'two devices' |
| huoneet 'rooms' |
laitteet' 'devices' |
| huoneessa 'in the room' |
laitteessa 'in the device' |
| huoneeseen 'into the room' |
laitteeseen 'into the device' |
More of this phenomenon is discussed in Finnish Phonology: Sandhi.
