Finlandês/Verbos

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Índice 1 Formas verbais 1.1 Tempos 1.2 Voices 1.2.1 Indefinite voice 1.3 Moods 1.3.1 Indicative 1.3.2 Conditional 1.3.3 Imperative 1.3.3.1 Definite, 2nd person imperatives 1.3.3.2 Indefinite imperatives 1.3.3.3 3rd person imperatives 1.3.3.4 1st person plural imperatives 1.3.4 Optative 1.3.5 Potential 1.3.6 Eventive 1.4 Infinitives 1.4.1 First infinitive 1.4.2 Second infinitive 1.4.3 Third infinitive 1.4.4 Fourth infinitive 1.4.5 Fifth infinitive 1.5 Verb conjugation 1.6 Participles 1.6.1 Past passive participle 1.6.2 Past active participle 1.6.3 Present passive participle 1.6.4 Present active participle 1.6.5 Agent participle 1.7 Negation of verbs 1.7.1 Present indicative 1.7.2 Present indefinite 1.7.3 Imperfect indicative 1.7.4 Imperfect passive 1.8 Interrogatives (questions)

[editar] Formas verbais

Em finlandês os verbos são geralmente divididos em seis grupos, dependendo do tipo da raiz. Todos os seis tipos têm as mesmas terminações, mas as raízes submetidas (ligeiramente) diferentes alterações quando flexionada.

Há poucos verbos irregulares em finlandês. De fato, apenas olla = ser tem uma forma irregular on "é"; outras formas de seguem a raiz ol- com uma epêntese e e consoante abreviada se necessário por exemplo: olet ← ol+t "você é", ovat ← ol+vat "eles são". Um punhado de verbos, incluindo nähdä = ver, tehdä = fazer, e juosta = correr tem uma rara mutação consonante que não seja produzida a partir do infinitivo.

O finlandês não tem um verbo de posse distinto. A posse está indicada em outras formas, principalmente pelo genitivo e cláusula existencial. Para animar possuidores, o Caso Adesivo é utilizado com olla, por exemplo koiralla on häntä = o cachorro tem um rabo - literalmente sobre o cão é um rabo, ou "Existe uma cauda sobre o cão". Isto é semelhante ao irlandês, tais como "Há uma fome em mim".

[editar] Tempos

Os verbos finlandeses são conjugados nos tempos: presente; pretérito imperfeito; pretérito perfeito e pretérito mais-que-perfeito.

• Presente: corresponde aos tempos presente e futuro do Inglês. For the latter, a time qualifier may need to be used to avoid ambiguity. The present is formed with using the personal suffixes only. For example, otan "I take" (from ottaa, "to take").
• Pretérito imperfeito: de fato um tempo do pretérito, but called "imperfect" for historical reasons; corresponds to English past continuous and past simple, indicating a past action which is complete but might have been a point event, a temporally extended event, or a repeated event. The imperfect is formed with the suffix -i- in addition to the personal suffixes, e.g. otin "I took".
• Perfect: corresponds to the English present perfect ("I have eaten") in most of its usages, but can carry more sense than in English of a past action with present effects. The form is Germanic of origin, and uses the verb olla "to be" in the present tense as an auxiliary verb. Personal suffixes are added to the auxiliary, while the main verb is in the -nut/-nyt participle form. For example, olen ottanut "I have taken", where ole- is the auxiliary verb stem, -n is the personal suffix for "I", otta- is the stem for the main verb, and -nut is the participle marker.
• Pluperfect: corresponds to the English past perfect ("I had visited") in its usage. Similarly to perfect, the verb olla is used in the past tense as an auxiliary verb. For example, olin ottanut "I had taken".

[editar] Voices

Finnish has two possible verb voices: definite and indefinite. The definite voice corresponds with the active voice of English, but the indefinite voice has some important differences from the passive voice.

[editar] Indefinite voice

The Finnish indefinite would best be described as a "fourth person", since there is no way of connecting the action performed with a particular agent and hence there is only one form of the indefinite. This should become clear through an example: talo maalataan "the house will be/is being painted".

The time when the house is being painted could be added: talo maalataan marraskuussa "the house will be painted in November". The colour and method could be added: talo maalataan punaiseksi harjalla "the house is being painted red with a brush". But nothing can be said about the person doing the painting; there is no simple grammatical mechanism to say "the house is being painted by Jim". There is a calque, evidently from Swedish, toimesta "from the action of", that can be used to introduce the agent: Taloa maalataan Jimin toimesta, approximately "One paints the house from Jim's action". This expression is grammatically incorrect, but it may be found wherever direct translation from Swedish, English, etc. has been attempted, especially in legal texts.

Hence the form maalataan is the only one which is needed. Notice also that the subject of the verb (that is, the object of the action) is in the nominative case. Verbs which govern the partitive case continue to do so in the indefinite, and where the subject is a personal pronoun, that goes into its special accusative form: minut unohdettiin "I was forgotten".

It can also be said that in the Finnish indefinite the agent is always human and never mentioned. A sentence such as the tree was blown down would translate poorly into Finnish if the indefinite were used, since it would suggest the image of a group of people trying to blow the tree down.

Because of its vagueness about who is performing the action, the indefinite can also translate the English one does (something), (something) is generally done, as in sanotaan että… "they say that…"

In modern colloquial Finnish, the indefinite form of the verb is used after me to mean "we do (something)", for example, me tullaan "we are coming", and on its own at the beginning of a sentence to make a suggestion, as in Mennään! "Let's go!". In case of the former, the me cannot be omitted without risk of causing confusion with the latter, unlike with the "standard" form tulemme.

Formation of the indefinite will be dealt with under the verb types below.

[editar] Moods

[editar] Indicative

The indicative is the form of the verb used for making statements or asking simple questions. In the verb morphology sections, the mood referred to will be the indicative unless otherwise stated.

[editar] Conditional

The conditional mood expresses the idea that the action or state expressed by the verb may or may not actually happen. As in English, the Finnish conditional is used in conditional sentences (e.g. "I would tell you if I knew") and in polite requests (e.g. "I would like some coffee").

In the former case, and unlike in English, the conditional must be used in both halves of the Finnish sentence:

"ymmärtäisin jos puhuisit hitaammin" = *"I would understand if you would speak more slowly".

The characteristic morphology of the Finnish conditional is 'isi' inserted between the verb stem and the personal ending. This can result in a 'closed' syllable becoming 'open' and so trigger consonant gradation:

'tiedän' = 'I know', 'tietäisin' = 'I would know'.

cf. 'haluan' = 'I want', 'haluaisin' = 'I would like'.

Conditional forms exists for both definite and indefinite voices, and for present and perfect tenses.

[editar] Imperative

The imperative mood is used to express commands. In Finnish, there is only one tense form (the present-future). The possible variants of Finnish imperatives are:

• 1st, 2nd or 3rd person
• singular or plural (only plural for 1st person)
• definite or indefinite
• positive or negative

[editar] Definite, 2nd person imperatives

These are the most common forms of the imperative: "Do this", "Don't do that".

The singular imperative is simply the verb's present tense without any personal ending (that is, chop the '-n' off the first person singular form):

Definite, 2nd person imperatives
Finnish	English
'tule!'	'come!'
'syö!'	'eat!'
'huomaa!'	'note!'

To make this negative, 'älä' (which is the definite imperative singular 2nd person of the negative verb) is placed before the positive form:

Finnish	English
'älä sano!'	'don't say!'
'älä mene!'	'don't go!'
'älä valehtele!'	'don't lie!' (from 'valehdella' = 'to lie', type II)

To form the plural, add '-kaa' or '-kää' to the verb's stem:

Finnish	English
'tulkaa!'	'come!'
'juokaa!'	'drink!'
'mitatkaa!'	'measure!' (from 'mitata' = 'to measure', type IV)

To make this negative, 'älkää' (which is the definite imperative present plural 2nd person of the negation verb) is placed before the positive form and the suffix '-ko' or '-kö' is added to the verb stem:

Finnish	English
'älkää sanoko!'	'don't say!'
'älkää menkö!'	'don't go!'
'älkää tarjotko!'	'don't offer!'

Note that 2nd person plural imperatives can also be used as polite imperatives when referring to one person.

The Finnish language has no simple equivalent to the English "please". The Finnish equivalent is to use either 'ole hyvä' or 'olkaa hyvä' = 'be good', but it is generally omitted. Politeness is normally conveyed by tone of voice, facial expression, and use of conditional verbs and partitive nouns. For example, voisitteko means "could you", in the polite plural, and is used much like English "Could you..." sentences: voisitteko auttaa "could you help, please?"

Also, familiar (and not necessarily so polite) expressions can be added to imperatives, e.g. menes, menepä, menehän. These are hard to translate exactly, but extensively used by Finnish speakers themselves. Menes implies expectation, that is, it has been settled already and requires no discussion; menepä has the -pa which indicates insistence, and -hän means approximated "indeed".

[editar] Indefinite imperatives

Indefinite imperatives
Finnish	English
tehtäköön	let (sth) be done
älköön tehtäkö	let (sth) not be done
olkoon tehty	let (sth) have been done
älköön olko tehty	let (sth) not have been done

[editar] 3rd person imperatives

3rd person imperatives
Finnish	English
'olkoon'	'let it (him, her) be'
'tehkööt'	'let them do'
'älköön unohtako'	'let him not forget', 'he better not forget'
'älkööt unohtako'	'let them not forget'

[editar] 1st person plural imperatives

1st person plural imperatives
Finnish	English
'menkäämme'	'let's go'
'älkäämme tehkö'	'let us not do', 'we better not do'

The 1st person imperative sounds archaic, and a form resembling the indefinite indicative is often used instead: 'mennään!' = 'let's go!'

[editar] Optative

The optative mood is a variant of the imperative mood. It expresses hopes or wishes. Archaic and/or poetic.

Optative
Finnish	English
'kävellös'	'oh, please walk'

[editar] Potential

The potential mood is used to express that the action or state expressed by the verb is likely but not certain, and is rare in modern Finnish, especially in speech. It has only the present and perfect tenses. The potential has no counterpart in English.

The characteristic morphology of the Finnish conditional is -ne- inserted between the verb stem and the personal ending. Furthermore, continuants assimilate progressively (pes+ne- → pesse-) and stops regressively (korjat+ne- → korjanne-). The verb "lie" always replaces the verb "olla" "to be" in the potential mood, e.g. the potential of on haettu "has been fetched" is lienee haettu "may have been fetched".

Potential forms exists for both definite and indefinite voices, and for present and perfect tenses:

Potential
Finnish	English
lie|ne|n	I may be / it's possible that I am
pes|se|e	[s]he may wash
korjan|ne|e	[s]he may fix
sur|re|vat	it is possible that they are mourning/ will mourn
se pes|tä|ne|en	it may be washed (by smb.)
lie|ne|tte nähneet	you may have seen
ei lie|ne annettu	possibly may not have been given (by smb.)

In some dialects 'tullee' ('may come') is an indicative form verb ('tulee' = 'comes') but grammatically it is a potential verb.

[editar] Eventive

The eventive mood is used in the Kalevala. It is a combination of the potential and the conditional. It is also used in dialects of Estonian.

Eventive
Finnish	English
'kävelleisin'	'I probably would walk'

[editar] Infinitives

Finnish verbs are described as having four, sometimes five infinitives:

[editar] First infinitive

The first infinitive short form of a verb is the "dictionary entry" form. It is not unmarked; its overt marking is the suffix -ta, which is however radically changed more often than not. First, vowel harmony has 'a' for back-vowel and 'ä' for front-vowel words. Intervocalically, the 't' elides, e.g. sano|a, kirjoitta|a. The cluster '-k+ta' is changed to '-hda', e.g. *näk+tä → nähdä. Consonant gradation is not used; the root for this form is the strong form. This corresponds to the English 'to' form, for example:

Finnish	English
'sano|a'	'to say'
'tietä|ä'	'to know'
'teh|dä'	'to do'
'luke|a'	'to read'

The first infinitive long form is the translative plus a possessive suffix (rare in spoken language).

Finnish	English
'...soitti sano|a|kse|en...'	'...([s]he) phoned in order to say...'
'tietä|ä|kse|mme'	(idiomatic use:) 'as far as we know'
'voi|da|kse|ni lukea'	' in order for me to be able to read'

The first infinitive only has active form.

[editar] Second infinitive

This corresponds to the English verbal noun (-ing form), and behaves as a noun in Finnish in that it can be inflected, but only in the inessive and the instructive. In the inessive it has both definite and indefinite forms. The instructive has only a definite form. A possessive suffix can be added to the definite inessive. The second infinitive is relatively rare, especially in the spoken language, except in certain set phrases (for example 'toisin sanoen' = 'in other words').

The second infinitive is formed by replacing the final 'a'/'ä' of the first infinitive with 'e' then adding the appropriate inflectional ending. If the vowel before the 'a'/'ä' is already an 'e', this becomes 'i' (see example from 'lukea' = 'to read').

The cases in which the second infinitive can appear are:

Second infinitive
Finnish	English
Definite Inessive (while someone is in the act of)
'teh|de|ssä'	'(as one is) doing'
'sano|e|ssa'	'(as one is) saying'
Definite Inessive + Possessive Suffix (while themselves in the act of)
'luki|e|ssa|an'	'(while [s]he is) reading'
'sano|e|ssa|si'	'(while you are) saying'
Indefinite Inessive (when or while in the act of something being done)
'sano|tta|e|ssa'	'when saying'
'teh|tä|e|ssä'	'when doing'
'lue|tta|e|ssa'	'when reading'
Active Instructive (by means of/ while in the act of)
'teh|de|n'	'while/by doing'
'sano|e|n'	'while/by saying'
'luki|e|n'	'while/by reading

[editar] Third infinitive

This corresponds to the English verbal noun (-ing form), and behaves as a noun in Finnish in that it can be inflected, but only in a limited number of cases. It is used to refer to a particular act or occasion of the verb's action.

The third infinitive is formed by taking the verb stem with its consonant in the strong form, then adding 'ma' followed by the case inflection.

The cases in which the third infinitive can appear are:

Case	Finnish	English
inessive	'lukemassa'	'(in the act of) reading'
	Example: 'hän on lukemassa kirjastossa'	'[s]he's reading in the library'
elative	'lukemasta'	'(from just having been) reading'
illative	'lukemaan'	'(about to be / with the intention of) reading'
adessive	'lukemalla'	'(by) reading'
abessive	'lukematta'	'(without) reading'

A rare and archaic form of the third infinitive which occurs with the verb pitää:

Case	Finnish	English
instructive	'sinun ei pidä lukeman'	'you must not read'

The third infinitive instructive is usually replaced with the first infinitive short form in modern Finnish.

Note that the '-ma' form without a case ending is called the 'agent participle' (see 'participles' below). The agent participle can also be inflected in all cases, producing forms which look similar to the third infinitive.

[editar] Fourth infinitive

The fourth infinitive has the stem ending -MINEN and indicates obligation, but it is quite rare in Finnish today. This is because there are other words like pitää and täytyy that can convey this meaning.

For example

Fourth Infinitive
Finnish	English
'Sinne ei ole menemistä'	'There is no going there' i.e. 'One must not go there'

Though not an infinitive, a much more common -MINEN verbal stem ending is the noun construct which gives the name of the activity described by the verb. This is rather similar to the English verbal noun -ING form, and therefore as a noun, this form can inflect just like any other noun.

-MINEN noun formation
Finnish	English
'lukeminen on hauskaa'	'reading is fun'
'vihaan lukemista'	'I hate reading'
'nautin lukemisesta'	'I enjoy reading'

[editar] Fifth infinitive

This is a fairly rare form which has the meaning 'on the point of ...ing / just about to ...'

Fifth infinitive
Finnish	English
'olin lukemaisillani'	'I was just about to read'

[editar] Verb conjugation

For full details of how verbs are conjugated in Finnish, please refer to the Finnish verb conjugation article.

[editar] Participles

Finnish verbs have past and present participles, both with passive and active forms, and an 'agent' participle. Participles can be used in different ways than ordinary adjectives and they can have an object.

[editar] Past passive participle

Finnish	English
'lähde|tty|ä|si kotiin'	'after you went home' [pass. II participle sg. ess.+ poss.suff.]

Predefinição:Sectstub

[editar] Past active participle

Basically this is formed by removing the infinitive ending and adding '-nut/nyt' (depending on vowel harmony). For example:

From	To
'puhua'	'puhunut'
'syödä'	'syönyt'

However, depending on the verb's stem type, assimilation can occur with the 'n' of the ending.

In type II verbs, the 'n' is assimilated to the consonant at the end of the stem:

From	To	To
'mennä'	('men-')	'mennyt'
'harjoitella'	('harjoitel-')	'harjoitellut'

In verbs of types IV-VI, the 't' at the end of the stem is assimilated to the 'n':

From	To	To
'haluta'	('halut-')	'halunnut'
'tarvita'	('tarvit-')	'tarvinnut'
'rohjeta'	('rohjet-')	'rohjennut'

[editar] Present passive participle

Present passive participle
Finnish	English
'minun on nuku|tta|va'	'I must sleep' [pass. I participle sg. nom.]

Predefinição:Sectstub

[editar] Present active participle

Present active participle
Finnish	English
'nukku|va koira'	'sleeping dog'
'häikäise|vä valo'	'blinding light'
'olin luke|v|i|na|ni'	'I pretended to be reading' [act. I participle pl. essive + poss. suff.]

Predefinição:Sectstub

[editar] Agent participle

The agent participle is formed in a similar way as the third infinitive (see above), adding -ma or -mä to the verb stem. It allows the property of being a target of an action to be formatted as an adjective-like attribute. Like adjectives, it can be inflected in all cases. For example, ihmisen tekemä muodostelma "a man-made formation". The party performing the action is indicated by the use of genitive, or by a possessive suffix. This is reflected in English, too: ihmisen tekemä — "of man's making", or kirjoittamani kirja "book of my writing". For example:

Agent participle
Finnish	English
'tytön lukema kirja'	the book read by the girl
'tytön lukemaa kirjaa'	(partitive) the book read by the girl
'tytön lukemassa kirjassa'	in the book read by the girl
etc.

It is not required for the action to be in the past, although the examples above are. Rather, the construction simply specifies the subject, the object and the action, with no reference to time. For an example in the future, consider: huomenna käyttämänänne välineenä on -- "tomorrow, as the instrument you will be using is --". Here, käyttämä "that which is used" describes, i.e. is an attribute to väline "instrument". (Notice the case agreement between käyttämä-nä and välinee-nä.) The suffix -nne "your" specifies the person "owning" the action, i.e. who does it, thus käyttämänne is "that which was used by you(pl.)", and käyttämänänne is "as that which was used by you".

It is also possible to give the actor with a pronoun, e.g. sinun käyttämäsi "that which was used by you". In standard language, the pronoun sinun "your" is not necessary, but the possessive suffix is. In inexact spoken usage, this goes vice versa; the possessive suffix is optional, and used typically only for the second person singular, e.g. sun käyttämäs.

[editar] Negation of verbs

[editar] Present indicative

Verbs are negated by using a 'negative verb' in front of the stem from the present tense (in its 'weak' consonant form):

Present indicative
Finnish	English		Finnish	English
Singular
'tiedän'	'I know'	->	'en tiedä'	'I don't know'
'tiedät'	'you know'	->	'et tiedä'	'you don't know'
'tietää'	'(s)he knows'	->	'ei tiedä'	'(s)he doesn't know'
Plural
'tiedämme'	'we know'	->	'emme tiedä'	'we don't know'
'tiedätte'	'you know'	->	'ette tiedä'	'you don't know'
'tietävät'	'they know'	->	'eivät tiedä'	'they don't know'

Note that the inflection is on the negative verb, not on the main verb, and that the endings are regular apart from the 3rd person forms.

[editar] Present indefinite

The negative is formed from the third-person singular "negative verb" - 'ei' - and the present indefinite with the final '-an' removed:

Finnish	English
'ei puhuta'	'it is not spoken'
'ei tiedetä'	'it is not known'

[editar] Imperfect indicative

The negative is formed from the appropriate part of the negative verb followed by the nominative form (either singular or plural depending on the number of the verb's subject) of the active past participle. So for 'puhua' the pattern is:

Imperfect indicative
Finnish	English
Singular
'en puhunut'	'I did not speak'
'et puhunut'	'you did not speak'
'ei puhunut'	'([s]he) did not speak'
Plural
'emme puhuneet'	'we did not speak'
'ette puhuneet'	'you did not speak'
'eivät puhuneet'	'they did not speak'

Note one exception: when the 'te' 2nd person plural form is used in an honorific way to address one person, the singular form of the participle is used: 'te ette puhunut' = 'you (s, polite) did not speak'.

[editar] Imperfect passive

The negative is formed from the third-person singular negative verb - 'ei' - and the nominative singular form of the passive present participle (compare this with the negative of the imperfect indicative):

Imperfect passive
Finnish	English
'ei puhuttu'	'it was not spoken'
'ei tiedetty'	'it was not known'

Note that in the spoken language, this form is used for the first person plural. In this case, the personal pronoun is obligatory:

Finnish	English
'me ei menty'	'we did not go'

[editar] Interrogatives (questions)

There are two main ways of forming a question - either using a specific question word, or by adding a '-ko/kö' suffix to one of the words in a sentence. A question word is placed first in the sentence, and a word with the interrogative suffix is also moved to this position:

Interrogatives (questions)
Finnish	English
'mikä tämä on?'	'what is this?'
'tämä on kirja'	'this is a book'
'onko tämä kirja?'	'is this a book?'
'tämäkö on kirja?'	'is this a book?'
'kirjako tämä on?'	'is this a book?'
'eikö tämä ole kirja?'	'is this not a book?' (note the '-kö' goes on the negative verb)

• Conjugação verbal